Koodiyattam- The Classical Drama Art of Kerala

Koodiyattam- the classical drama art of Kerala is the only surviving specimen of the ancient Sanskrit theater.  Koodiyattam literally means 'Acting together'. It used to be a combined dance drama conducted by the Chaakkyars (A caste among Hindus), who provided the male cast and the Nangyars (Women of the Nambyar caste), playing the female roles. It has an attested history of a thousand years in Kerala society, but the origin and evolution of Koodiyattam shrouded in mystery. Some of the historical and cultural evidences saying that this dance form was in vogue in all major temples from ninth century, and it became a full-fledged dramatic presentation before the fifteenth century. 

Koodiyattam performance lasts for several days ranging from 6 to 20 days. Themes are based on Hindu tradition and mythology. It is enacted inside the temple theater, known as the Koothambalam, with two or more characters onstage at the same time. The role playing in this performing art includes stylized form of vocal recitation coupled with a complete hand-gesture language and highly evocative facial expressions. Vidushaka, a figure parallel to the Fool in Shakespearean plays, sometimes explains in simple Malayalam the background of the story and gives a live image of characters in the minds of the spectators. Often humorous, he enacts his role with the liberty to criticize anyone without fear.

The make-up and costume of this art form are not so elaborate. Heroic characters are distinguished by the green colour and the small curved paper frame on their face. Costumes have a blend of brilliant colours, predominantly red, black and white. The costume of the Vidushaka sets him apart from the rest. He has special make-up, small head-gears and costume that vividly display his clownish features.

Mizhavu (A big jar made of either clay or copper, with a narrow mouth covered by leather) is the major musical instrument used in Koodiyattam played only by the Nambiyars. The Nangiars beat the cymbals and recite verses in Sanskrit. Edakkya lends Bhava and Laya for a vivid portrayal of the soft sentiments of both male and female characters in Koodiyattam. The Koodal Manickyam temple at Irinjalakkuda and the Vadakkumnatha temple at Thrissur are the main centers where Koodiyattam is still performed annually.

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